Author: Dr. David Healy
20 February 2015
Contents
The “mood stabilizers”
An extraordinary number of people of all ages are now taking a mood stabilizer in the apparent belief there is a lot of information “out there” on these drugs, that most things we need to know about them are known and that they must be safe and effective.
“Mood stabilization” is a close to perfect marketing term popularized by Abbott when marketing Depakote. It essentially didn’t exist before 1994. Since then sections on mood stabilizers have appeared in all books on psychotropic drugs, where they never existed before and nobody seems to have batted an eye — in much the same way as in Season 4 of Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Buffy was given a sister, who hadn’t featured before and no-one seemed bothered.1
The words mood and stabilization give the impression that these drugs have a prophylactic effect — that is that they will ward off future episodes of depressive or manic mood. There is no good evidence that these drugs will do this — the reason they are called mood stabilizers is because it would in fact be illegal to state they ward off future episodes of mood disorder.
The drugs in the group are otherwise used as anticonvulsants and antipsychotics. The authors prescribe some of these drugs regularly. But we believe their safe use is threatened by misinformation and complacency. This guidance highlights the poor quality of the evidence underpinning their use.
Other guidelines are based on the published scientific evidence. As things stand this is a recipe for handing medical care over to pharmaceutical companies. This guidance in contrast involves judgment calls but we outline the principles that underpin our judgments so that readers can see where further evidence may in due course reduce the need for clinical discretion and where the need for discretion is likely to remain. Safe and effective treatment needs an observant patient and a wise doctor — a team like this should turn to the “evidence” with caution.2
General issues
Drugs and chemicals
Drugs are chemicals that may be useful in the management of a medical condition. It used to be doctors and patients who decided what were “diseases” and what needed treating — it is increasingly drug companies who shape this. Clinical trials were discovered by doctors in the 1950s as a means to weed out ineffective treatments. Our parents and grandparents took the risks of trying out possibly dangerous new drugs in these trials on behalf of their families, and the communities from which they came and in so doing they freed us from many scourges that for millennia had been killing children prematurely or leaving people crippled. In other words, companies make chemicals, we make drugs.
This worked so well at first that clinical trials were adopted as a gateway to the marketplace for candidate drugs. What should happen is that informed of the risks, patients who volunteer get given the candidate, an old drug or a placebo. The outcome of the study — positive or negative — then gets written up in an academic article, with the raw data publicly available to other investigators to scrutinize. Companies submit the outcome of a series of trials to national regulators (such as FDA) seeking a license to market drug X as a treatment for condition Y. The regulator’s brief is to monitor marketing claims — it is not to make sure the drug is good for you or is as good as other drugs on the market. No one seems to have the brief of keeping an eye on what is actually good for you.
What studies have been done on these drugs?
Almost all studies on the antipsychotics and anticonvulsants marketed as mood stabilizers have been carried out or commissioned by the pharmaceutical companies that produce them. No government agency or independent authority runs studies. There are a number of independent studies of lithium, which suggest it is much better than anything else available but no company stands to make money out of lithium.
What data underpin the use of these drugs?
The data from clinical trials of mood stabilizers is almost universally unavailable. For this reason practicing properly Data Based Medicine (DBM) is impossible and needs to be supplemented with clinical judgment and wisdom.
Has anyone access to all the data?
No one has seen or has had access to all the data, not even regulators such as FDA.
What publications are there on the use of these drugs?
There have been over a thousand published clinical trials involving mood stabilizers.
Of the published studies most (50–90%) appear likely to have been ghostwritten — written by a professional writer on behalf of a pharmaceutical company and published under the name of eminent physicians who may not have read the actual text or else they have been written within the pharmaceutical company.
For the most commonly prescribed mood-stabilizers a significant number of studies (25–50%) are likely to be unpublished.
Based on what is known about the antidepressants, in perhaps around 30% of published mood stabilizer studies that claim these drugs work well, it seems likely that if they had the data independent experts would conclude that the study showed the drug did not work.3
For instance in a study looking at the long-term benefits of Abilify (aripiprazole) the drug failed to distinguish from placebo in over 30 centers in the US, but showed a big difference from placebo in two centers in Mexico and adding in the data from the Mexican centers made Abilify look slightly better in terms of relapse overall. In none of the articles about this study or the benefits of Abilify is this aspect of the data revealed.4
For many published studies of mood stabilizers there are multiple publications — the record appears to be 234 publications from 4 Zyprexa (olanzapine) studies, none of which contain a clear picture of the weight gain, raised lipid levels, or glucose levels or rates of suicide this drug can cause.
Many articles outlining the risks of mood stabilizers have not been published owing to concerns in the legal departments of medical journals that they will be sued by pharmaceutical companies and a general bias against publishing even convincing case studies that outline the hazards of treatment.
How good are the studies?
Even if all studies were published by real authors, there would be a problem. Almost all the trials done have lasted only a few weeks. They do not look at outcomes that matter to patients such as whether I live or die, get back to work, or have a better quality of life. The rating scales used to decide if the drugs work in fact can show an improvement in your clinical state even if all that is happening is that you are suffering from side effects.
Some of the claims that antipsychotics work as mood stabilizers are based on recent studies that have stabilized patients on treatment and then randomized some to continue with treatment and others to placebo. Those remaining on the drugs do better. But all the drugs in this group are linked to dependence and withdrawal syndromes, and common sense suggests that what’s going on here is that those remaining on the drug are not doing better — they just aren’t going into withdrawal.
The short duration of these studies mean that anyone on these drugs for more than a few weeks is flying blind. We don’t know what could happen. It is as if around week 8 or so you were switched from a drug to a chemical. Drugs are chemicals that come with information. Chemicals are chemicals.
Are there any problems if my doctor keeps to recognized guidelines?
Our criterion for a good Quality guideline is that it is based on data rather than published evidence. Based on this criterion, there are no guidelines for the treatment of bipolar disorder that warrant a Quality Mark greater than 1 out of 10.
It is customary to think that guidelines produced by apparently independent bodies are superior to guidelines produced by bodies linked to pharmaceutical companies. But in fact both sets of guidelines tend to be identical and apparently independent guidelines may be more dangerous by virtue of their apparent independence.
At the moment we are in the midst of a full-blown mania for bipolar disorders and it is very difficult to get sensible advice anywhere. We are in a world where if it is detected that you’ve ever felt good for a few hours at some point, you are likely to be diagnosed as bipolar and treated accordingly and even the most independent guidelines are likely to endorse this or be used as justification for treatment.
The benefits of mood stabilizers
Do mood stabilizers work?
Yes — if the question is do they tranquilize or sedate and can this with appropriate teamwork between doctor and patient be put to useful purposes. But possibly not if the question is what have controlled trials shown.
Other than for monitoring safety, controlled trials aren’t needed when a treatment unequivocally does something either good — for instance coal tar for strychnine poisoning or the right antibiotic for a life-threatening infection — or hazardous — for instance inhibiting sexual functioning with an SSRI. They aren’t need to show antipsychotics work for mania.
Controlled trials are primarily done in the case of the mood-stabilizers because there is a real doubt as to whether they stabilize moods and in this case there are no trials that show clearly that any of the drugs from this group aside from lithium ward off episodes of mood disorder. They can be anti-manic but are not actually prophylactic for mood disorders.
For most people saying a treatment “works” suggests it saves lives, or enables people to return to work, or makes the chances of an illness returning in the future less likely.
As of 2009, the trials that had been done for anticonvulsants and antipsychotics showed more deaths in those on these drugs than on placebo. In this sense, the drugs don’t work.
There is no evidence that the mood-stabilizers get people back to work — no one has ever attempted to investigate this.
There is considerable evidence that some mood-stabilizers may make future episodes of depression or mania or other nervous problems more likely.
What do mood stabilizers do?
The mood stabilizers are group of very different drugs that act in quite different ways; they include a number of anticonvulsants, antipsychotics and lithium.
There are three different groups of anticonvulsants. One inhibits sodium reuptake, one acts on the GABA system, one inhibits carbonic anhydrase; some of the group have two of these actions and some all three. These actions have quite different effects that remain almost entirely unexplored so that your doctor is unlikely to be able to tell you what exactly she wants the drug to do for you or what behavioural effect the drug is likely to have on you. There are other anticonvulsants whose mode of action remains unknown.
Many recent antipsychotics have been touted as mood-stabilizers. All of these block dopamine receptors — and this tranquilizes which is not the same thing as stabilizes.
Lithium in contrast does an extraordinary number of things in the body but no-one is clear on what are its key actions. In addition being helpful in mood disorders, it appears to have anti-aggressive or anti-impulsive effects.
These are very different drugs, but you’d never guess it from their marketing which makes them all look the same. This is because the evidence is mostly produced by pharmaceutical companies and is designed for market purposes, rather than to offer insights on what the drugs actually do and who would be best treated with which drug.
To make this point more clearly, in the past many other drugs such as antidepressants, minor tranquilizers and others have been billed as stabilizing moods. In many cases there is better evidence for the antidepressants as “mood-stabilizers” but the antidepressants are now “branded” as mood disrupters.
What this means is that none of these drugs directly puts something right. All of them can do something useful. A number of the anticonvulsants, such as sodium valproate can reduce impulsivity and irritability for some people but not all. Lithium does something similar — for some but not others. The antipsychotics were formerly called major tranquilizers and this is essentially their primary action — they reduce tension and irritability.
How do I know which drug to take?
Before starting a drug, unless you have been on something before, neither your doctor nor you can know whether you will respond to it. Lots of work could have been done to match people to treatments but this hasn’t been done — probably because research like this would have greatly reduced market share for blockbusters.
If put on an anticonvulsant, lithium or an antipsychotic, you should clearly be able to identify a benefit in the first few hours or days. The drug should make you feel less bothered and if this feels good to you, it may be useful over the longer run. Sometimes despite feeling this benefit your moods may continue to swing but this will not be because the drug is not working. Something else is also needed.
There is a good chance that anyone trying an anticonvulsant will find it makes them more labile, irritable or impulsive rather than less. The important thing here is to switch to another drug which may have quite a different effect. Similarly, on trying an antipsychotic you may find it profoundly dysphoric but switching to another one may produce a useful tranquilization. If you do not detect a benefit, and in particular if you feel worse in any way, you are likely on the wrong drug for you, or on too high a dose of the drug. The problem will rarely be because you are on too low a dose and you should resist pressure to have the dose increased.
What overall impact will mood stabilizers have on how I function?
A mood stabilizer may dramatically shorten a manic episode, save your life and get you back to work but when used chronically there can be risks. One of the better and more independent studies from 1980 showed that patients on antipsychotics for instance were much less likely to be readmitted to hospital but also much less likely to get a job or get married.5
If you have been ill for a relatively brief period of time and improve, your recovery is likely to be due to some combination of time, placebo or acute drug effects and your problem is then ensuring you can get off treatment. If you can identify a very clear benefit — such as an anxiolytic effect — there is a chance whatever drug you are on rather than placebo factors is making a difference. This is especially true for lithium.
If your moods chronically swing, it is possible your treatments are making things worse. One hundred years ago before these treatments came into being, people with severe manic-depressive illness had on average fewer episodes than people with milder mood disorders have today. Unless you can identify a clear benefit there may be a case for not being on drugs that do not work for you.
In terms of function, doctors or others should ask themselves this question — if I were on this cocktail of drugs in this dose, how would I function — and if the answer is I probably wouldn’t be able to do much, the dose or number of drugs should be reduced.
Acute trials and chronic treatment
In the 1960s the first trials of the antipsychotics assumed they were like antibiotics and as a result the trials only lasted a few weeks. Trials today still only last a few weeks, even though many people are likely to be on treatment for years. Trials this short produce a sign the drugs may work rather than evidence they are helpful long term. If the drug gets through trials like this and gets on the market, this is the point at which the research to work out who benefits from this drug should start — but this research doesn’t happen.
The trials for the anticonvulsants and lithium have lasted longer. The anticonvulsants have not been shown to be prophylactic. Lithium may be, but it must suit you and you must remain on it for over two years to get a benefit — that is to make it less likely that you will have an episode than would have happened had you not been on it. For some people remaining on lithium for long is a problem in that they become dependent and trying to withdraw can trigger problems.
Having any drug chronically is a recipe for extensive changes elsewhere in the body that will almost certainly not have been investigated. In the case of the antipsychotics this leads to diabetes, raised cholesterol levels, and an increased rate of heart attacks and strokes — the list of complications is growing. As the examples of nicotine, HRT, alcohol or other drugs taken over time show, it is all but certain that other problems will emerge in some who take mood-stabilizers or antipsychotics for years.
If severely ill what treatment should I take?
For severe unstable mood disorders, there are difficulties in working out what is caused by the illness and what by treatment. Unstable mood disorder was extremely rare before current treatments were introduced. Many doctors have favorite combinations of drugs — anticonvulsant, with antipsychotic and lithium. None of these combinations have ever been shown in controlled trials to work reliably.
If you do not show a rapid response to the addition of another drug, you should probably not remain on any combined treatment for long. It is more likely that something in the combination of treatments you are on is holding you back than it is that the combination will suddenly start helping.
For more severe manic-depressive illness, there is no good treatment. The optimal treatment will reduce the number of hospitalizations you have over time. Reacting too quickly to a hospitalization by changing drug or adding to a cocktail is often the wrong move — you might have to accept getting hospitalized less often rather than never and being out of action for shorter periods of time rather than never out of action.
At present it is fashionable to say antidepressants should not be given for manic-depressive illness. There is no good evidence for this — except for the evidence that antidepressants can increase the frequency of depressive episodes over time in some people but so can mood-stabilizers. If severely depressed there is no obvious reason for not having an effective (older) antidepressant.
Are the effects of mood stabilizers all in the mind?
No. But people on placebo have as few illness episodes as those on mood stabilizers in clinical trials. What these data show is that a surprising number of us with manic-depressive illness do as well on less or no medication or therapy as we do on the latest blockbuster.
If the question in these trials had been do anticonvulsants have an anti-impulsive effect or do antipsychotics tranquilize, the answer would have been Yes. You need to find a doctor who can help you use these effects wisely, and it may make sense to take the risks of treatment if you are getting a clear benefit from the treatment.
But what the trials show is that many doctors when they see a patient improve on treatment assume that it is the treatment that has produced the benefit — without asking the patient whether they can detect anything useful the treatment is doing. If there are side effects they attribute them to the illness rather than the pill.
Should I take 4–5 mood stabilizers together?
No.
The reason these combinations get prescribed is that each drug in the group has been through clinical trials and these trials have supposedly shown the drug works. If you aren’t getting better, it may seem to make sense to be on 4–5 drugs all of which have been shown to work. But the trials have not shown these drugs work in the sense that parachutes work or putting a dislocated shoulder back into place works. Trials are not needed when treatments work in this sense.
What the trials have shown at best is that it is not right to say the drugs do nothing. So does it make sense to be on 4–5 drugs, about which all we know is that it is just not right to say that they do nothing? The one thing we do know is that no-one has investigated the effect of combining them.
What besides drugs can get me better?
Manic-depressive illness has recently been rebranded as bipolar disorder. For some people, the best way to get better might be to get your diagnosis changed. Many people who would until recently have been diagnosed as anxious or depressed have under relentless company marketing been rediagnosed as bipolar and as a result exposed to far more toxic drugs than is good for them. This is especially true for children.
Severe manic-depressive illness — that leads to hospitalization — is a rare disorder than can be very difficult to treat. It is probably important to marry patience (episodes will clear up with time 16–24 weeks whether treated or not), with good hygiene — attention to physical activity, diet, sleep hygiene and limiting alcohol or other substances, along with problem solving issues in relationships or at work.
Myths about mood stabilizers
1. Mood stabilizers, especially antipsychotics, are neuroprotective.
This quite extraordinary claim is used to justify early intervention, even in children. The antipsychotics in particular are associated with much more obvious and visible brain damage than can be found with ECT. This is not a recipe for not using them but does suggest using just the same caution as you would take to having ECT. Children seem most at risk from the harmful neurological effects of mood-stabilizers.
2. Suicide on antidepressants stems from unrecognized bipolar disorder.
Faced with a controversy about the antidepressants triggering suicide, pharmaceutical companies helped promote the idea that what was happening was that those committing suicide were untreated bipolar disorder patients who would have been fine if they’d been put on a mood-stabilizer. This controversy was actively used to create a bipolar market.
The facts are that even healthy volunteers can become suicidal on antidepressants and commit suicide. And in placebo controlled trials the mood-stabilizers cause suicide in bipolar disorders and schizophrenia, as well as in epilepsy, migraine and other conditions.
3. There is a chemical imbalance in manic-depressive illness.
No one knows what causes severe manic-depressive illness. An imbalance in the marketing of mood stabilizers has led to most diagnoses of bipolar disorder.
4. Manic-depressive illness starts in childhood.
Until a few years ago the idea that bipolar disorder might have its onset before puberty would have been laughed out of court. But now even what was once called the terrible twos — a normal stage of childhood development — is liable to attract a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. As a result children are being put on some of the most toxic drugs in medicine — almost as though common colds were to be treated with the kinds of drugs used for cancer.
5. Mood-stabilizers do not cause addiction.
Many anticonvulsants and antipsychotics cause people to be hooked to them — it becomes impossible to stop because of how bad the person feels on stopping and the relief from restarting treatment. Some drugs are worse than others. Because companies have denied there is any problem, it is difficult to know which drugs are the worst offenders and how to manage the problem (See Medicine Induced Stress Syndromes and Dependence & Withdrawal).
Companies and their experts refer to discontinuation syndromes rather than withdrawal or being hooked. People on the drugs on the other hand often say is harder to get off antipsychotics or anticonvulsants than off opiates, or benzodiazepines.
It is in areas like these — mythologies about chemical imbalances and addiction — that doctors need to help patients and patients need to help doctors to escape the clutches of company marketing that has been so successful that many will be astonished to know that things they have taken from granted have no basis in science.
Questions for your doctor
What do you know of my pros & cons?
About the risks I might be happy to live with and the one’s I wouldn’t, and how important improvement is to me compared to other things in my life? Based on what you know of the drugs, can you help me explore these?
What are my options?
If you have never been hospitalized for manic-depressive illness, there has to be a real concern that you do not have bipolar disorder. We are in a world, where the slightest bit of good mood at some point in time, or disinhibition caused by a prior drug you were on, could lead to a diagnosis of bipolar disorder and a lifetime of treatment with drugs that carry significant risks.
Do the people in the studies of these drugs resemble me?
Many of the people in mood-stabilizer trials were recruited by advert. Many were volunteered by their doctor rather than volunteered themselves. None gave informed consent. Some didn’t exist. There were very few average people in these trials. If you are being treated for another condition in addition to bipolar disorder, there were few people like you in the trials.
How do you know which mood stabilizer to give me?
There is no research on this important question. It can only be established by trial and error and your doctor should be prepared to switch drugs around to find one that suits you best.
How long do I have to be on treatment?
A diagnosis of bipolar disorder sentences most people to a lifetime of treatment often with cocktails of drugs. Even some of the most severely ill people have learned not to take their treatments in between clinic visits and in many cases this subterfuge appears to do no harm. You may want to revisit your diagnosis, especially if you have been diagnosed after only one significant episode of either depression or elevated mood.
What are the risks?
The standard list of side effects in the manufacturers information leaflets for antipsychotics include motor problems such as Parkinson’s syndrome, a range of abnormal motor movements (dyskinesias), and painful muscle cramping (dystonias), some of which can be permanent, a state of intense inner restlessness (akathisia), marked weight gain, sexual dysfunction, sedation, constipation, fainting, palpitations, sweating, tremulousness, headache, blurred vision, rashes, and many more.
For anticonvulsants they include sedation, weight gain, irritability and restlessness, disinhibition, dizziness, disco-ordination, concentration and memory problems, nausea, cardiac problems, fatigue, skin and visual disturbances.
For lithium they include fatal toxicity in overdose, tension and restlessness, weight gain, kidney problems, thyroid problems, discoordination, fatigue, concentration and memory problems.
Depending on the drug, mood-stabilizers can also cause:
- Dependence leading to significant withdrawal problems — up to 50%.
- Anxiety or agitation — severe in 20% of cases. (See akathisia)
- Diabetes in the case of the antipsychotics especially olanzapine.
- Suicide — up to 1 in 100 will engage in a suicidal act, and a large number will succeed (this is probably not the case with lithium).
- Violence, aggression and irritability — this affects an unknown number of people, and again seems less likely with lithium.
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome — a potentially lethal complication of antipsychotics.
- Tardive dyskinesia — probably as common in new as in old antipsychotics and likely to happen in children if they are put on antipsychotics, and perhaps more common in mood disorders than in schizophrenia.
- Demotivation — antipsychotics are profoundly demotivating. They take the color out of life and leave the taker likely to do anything. Doctors and other healthcare workers should ideally try these drugs themselves and find out how difficult it is to do much while on them.
- Disinhibition — the anticonvulsants can make patients suicidal — even patients with no mental health problems being treated for epilepsy or migraine can be made suicidal. We need good descriptions of what changes in people on these drugs to produce this outcome.
How likely are the listed side effects of mood stabilizers to happen?
No one knows. Company answers are that if they have happened even once we have to list them. This implies they are rare. But in fact side effect data are not collected properly. There is almost no-one put on an antipsychotic or anticonvulsant who will not have significant side effects. Anyone put on them needs a chance to balance the benefits they get against the problems the treatment may cause.
Periods of risk
Just as for space shuttles, many of the dramatic problems mood-stabilizers cause cluster around take-off and landing (starting and stopping). The first few days of exposure to either an antipsychotic or anticonvulsant can be associated with agitation up to and including suicide. Problems also emerge when the dose is being reduced or shortly after the treatment is stopped. Difficulties also arise in the course of treatment when the dose is changed.
Aside from risk periods like these that are associated with agitation and dependence, there are a range of problems that may appear in the course of treatment and in some instances endure long after treatment stops.
The “cause” word
Companies typically deny their drug causes any problems and are close to allergic to the word cause. You should use it where possible. One company tactic is to claim that there is no evidence their drug causes a problem unless a clinical trial has shown that their drug is statistically significantly more often linked to the problem than placebo. When a company fails to do the trials to investigate potential problems they can deny a link for ever — even in the face of convincing evidence of a problem emerging on treatment, clearing when the treatment is stopped and reappearing when treatment is restarted.
When an event like diabetes happens, company strategies have been to say that their drugs do not cause it, that it is caused by weight gain which their drugs also do not cause. They may concede their drug increases appetite but lay the blame for giving in to your appetites on you or imply it’s your failure to exercise that leads to weight gain and diabetes.
Companies will go to extraordinary lengths to avoid linking their brand to a problem — a key defense is to direct the questioner to a medical academic. Academics unlike companies can say whatever they want — and can be depended on to say the drugs do not cause any problems.
Finally faced with enquiries on risks from dependence to birth defects or diabetes, companies will typically suggest you Talk to your Doctor. But your doctor will only have the public domain information that denies a link to problems and will be completely unaware that internal company determinations in many cases will have decided their drug causes the problem you have. This is a way to pin legal liability for problems on the doctor.
Stopping?
Taking and stopping a mood-stabilizer is not the same as never taking one. These drugs come with significant withdrawal and legacy effects.
Depending on the drug up to 50% of people may have difficulties with withdrawal. It may be possible to minimize withdrawal problems by tapering the drug very slowly using liquid formulations. But this doesn’t work for all and for many withdrawal, especially from antipsychotics, may be impossible.
The issue may be complicated by legacy effects of mood-stabilizers. Some people seem to develop a dysthymia that becomes manifest as they try to stop treatment. This does not seem to be withdrawal. Some features such as dysthymia, an intolerance for stress or memory difficulties can endure for years after treatment stops.
Antipsychotics and anticonvulsants can blunt normal emotions such as anger. Stopping them can lead to a resurgence of these emotions causing problems in anyone who is no longer used to dealing with them.
Coda
Until quite recently all drugs were regarded as poisons to be used with care, ensuring that the risks of the illness being treated outweighed the unquestioned risks of the poison you were about to take. Company marketing has changed perceptions so that these chemicals are now regarded more like fertilizers to be sprinkled liberally everywhere. This switch has been brought about in part by a marketing of fear and risk — we are told that left untreated our conditions or those of our children will lead to alcoholism, drug abuse, suicide, divorce, career failure and other problems. This is rarely true — for an increasing number of us the worry is that the treatment is more likely to produce this outcome than the illness.
Our doctors should be our allies at this point but prescription only privileges have meant they may become our captors. If antidepressants were available over the counter they would be sold to as chill-pills or tonics like St John’s wort or Buckfast Wine, but in order to give us Prozac or Zyprexa, our doctors have to give us depression or bipolar disorder or some other illness first. And once they give us a disease, we supposedly have all the risks that go with the worst form of that disease.
The dynamics of treatment
Stockholm syndrome was described after a hostage drama in a bank in 1973. This happens when a person’s life is in danger, when they are isolated and when their captor in kind. They end up identifying with their captor and wanting to keep him/her happy.
Illness puts someone in danger and isolates them and doctors today are increasingly trained to be nice. But medical training does not take into account that when asked about problems even the most sophisticated patients who are having grave difficulties from treatment will likely tell their captor that everything is going wonderfully.
A further problem is this. When we are ill we want to hand over our care to a parent who knows best (this is called delegated narcissism). Doctors also want to feel there is someone out there looking after them. They think this is the regulator — but this is not the job of the regulator. Companies hold most doctors hostage these days through the favors they dish out and guidelines they control. No one knows how to help doctors out of this bind.
This is why your questions are important but also why you need to treat your doctor as carefully as you would hope they will treat you. Rather than see all of us as victims, your doctor may regard you and this guidance as the persecutor and see himself as the victim.
Appendix – mood stabilizers
Anticonvulsants
| Generic Name | Trade Name |
|---|---|
| Carbamazepine | Tegretol |
| Divalproex | Depakote |
| Felbamate | Felbatol |
| Gabapentin | Neurontin |
| Lamotrigine | Lamictal |
| Levetiracetam | Keppra |
| Oxcarbazepine | Trileptal |
| Pregabalin | Lyrica |
| Tiagabine | Gabitril |
| Topiramate | Topamax |
Antipsychotics commonly used or marketed for bipolar disorder
| Generic Name | Trade Name |
|---|---|
| Chlorpromazine | Thorazine, Largactil |
| Perphenazine | Fentazin |
| Haloperidol | Serenace, Haldol |
| Olanzapine | Zyprexa |
| Quetiapine | Seroquel |
| Risperidone | Risperdal |
| Paliperidone | Invega |
| Ziprasidone | Geodon |
| Aripiprazole | Abilify |
Footnotes
- Healy D (2008). Mania. Johns Hopkins University Press. ↩︎
- See False Friends and related posts on davidhealy.org. ↩︎
- Turner EH, Matthews AM et al (2008). Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy. N Engl J Med358, 252–260. ↩︎
- Rosenlicht N, Tsai AC, Parry PI, Spielmans G, Jureidini J, Healy D (2012). Aripriprazole in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: A critical review of the evidence and its dissemination into the scientific literature. PLoS Medicine, 8, e10000434. ↩︎
- Johnstone EC, Crow TJ, Frith CD, et al. The Northwick Park ‘functional’ psychosis study: diagnosis and treatment. Lancet 1988; ii:119–125. ↩︎